Damage detection in underground pipelines and the role of advanced continuum mechanics

In recent decades, water companies have increased the efficiency of their distribution systems because of the increasing demands of the public and industry for treated water. Consequently, in most countries, engineers and researchers have developed leak detection techniques to address leakage problems in water pipeline systems. as a matter of facts, water pipeline leakage detection is still an important issue, particularly for the development of smart cities. Thus, in the paper a review of water pipeline leakage detection techniques will be made. according to, they are classified into three different categories, namely software-based, hardware-based and conventional methods. We compare the advantages and disadvantage for all methods in the groups. Finally, the role of advanced continuum mechanics will be explored.